Learn sanskrit 10 ( grammar - Sandhi)

Every language has a set of sounds that is used to make words and sentences. Usually, the sounds are quite easy to pronounce, especially for native speakers. But even though the sounds might be easy to say when they're separate, it can be quite difficult to say some of them when they're put together, especially when speaking quickly! Sanskrit speakers faced these exact problems, and they did what people everywhere did with their own languages: in one place or another, they started to simplify their pronunciation. These simplifications did not happen everywhere, but they certainly did in ordinary speech. The early Sanskrit grammarians, trying to study their own language and preserve it for the future, gave a single name to the set of all of these changes: sandhi.

अ  आ	अ	आ
इ  ई	ए (अ +इ  )	ऐ  (आ +इ )
उ   ऊ	ओ  (अ +उ )	औ   (आ +ऊ )
त्र   त्र	आर  (अ +त्र  )	आर  (आ +त्र )
ल्र ल्र	अल  (अ +ल्र )	आल  (आ +ल्र )

Common Vowel Sandhis 

1.  Two similar simple vowels coming together are replaced by their long form:
   

i)  अ  आ  + अ आ -- आ 

 माला +  अस्ति  मलास्ति , 
(mala+asti--- malaasti)

Now lets us see some examples in the same topic

१. विद्या + आलय         ----  विद्यालय 
  (vidya+aalaya-- vidyaalay)

२ देव + आलय             ----  देवालय 
   (dev+aalay-- devalaya)

३. न्यालय                   ---- न्याय + आलय    
 (nyaalay-- nya+aalay)

ii)  ई इ  +इ ई ---- ई 

बोधति+इति                ----- बोधतीति


examples)

कवीश्वर:                    ------ कवी + ईश्वरः (kaveeshvarah-- kavi+eeshvarah)

कपिईन्द्र :                 ------  कपि + इन्द्रः (kapeendrah---kapi+endrah)

iii)  उ,ऊ, +उ, ऊ --------- ऊ 

  examples )

  अनु + उत्तम     ------ अनूतम  (anu+uttam-- anuutam)

  

   वधु+ उत्त्सवः    ----- वदूत्सव  (vadhu+utsavah-- vaduutsavah)

apart from these lets see some more formulas to understand and learn sandhi much more easily,normally we need to remember these formula but once if we learn basic sanskrit then these formulas  will not need any explanation...... 

इ ई + अ ---- य 

examples )

इति + अर्थः    ------ इत्यर्थः 

देवी+अहम्     ------ देव्यहम 

उ ऊ +अ   --- व् 

example )

त्रिशु +अपि ----- त्रिश्वपी 

ए=  अय  , ऐ= आय , ओ = अव् , औ  =आव् 

ने + अन्नम    ---------- नयनं 

नै + अकः       ----------  नायकः 

भो + अनम    ----------- भवनं 

नौ + औ         ----------- नावो:

The next is very important and very oftenly used 

ए  or ओ  +अ   = ए or एs  or ओs  

मुने + अत्र               -------- मुनेsत्र 

पुरषो आगछत       -------- पुरुशोsग्च्छत 

These were some important and basics sandhi rules ,   now  we will learn sandhi from the lessons or stories or poems in upcomming posts.....

Learn sanskrit 9

 The King's Monkey servant


Let us learn a small ans simple story now. This story has taken from the book Panchtantiram.. It gives us a good moral , so lets go ahead


कस्यचिद्राझोनित्यंवानरोऽतिभक्तिपरोऽङ्गसेवकोऽन्तःपुरेऽप्यप्रतिषिद्ध्प्रसरोऽतिविश्वासस्थानप्रभूत् । 

एकदा राझो निद्रागतस्य वानरो व्यजनं नीत्वा वायुं विदधति राझो वक्षःस्थलोपरि मक्षिकोपविष्टा । व्यजनेन मुहुर्मुहुर्निषिध्यमानापि पुनः पुनस्तश्रैथपविशति । ततस्तेन स्वभावचपलेन मूर्खेण वानरेण क्रुधेन सता तिक्ष्णं खड्गमादाय तस्या उपरि प्रहारो विहितः । ततो मक्षिका उड्डिय गता । तेन शितधारेणासिना राझो वक्षो द्विधा जातं, राजा मृतश्च । 


तस्माच्चिरायुरिच्छत नृपेण मूर्खोऽनुचरो न रक्षणियः ।  

kasyachidrayogna nithyam vanrot bhakti paro angasevekoantah pure apratishid prasaroatitivashaar sthana prabhut. ekada ragyoo nidragatsya vanro vyajanam nithva vayum vidhdati ragyo vakshasthaloupri makshikapoupvishti vyojanena muhur muhur nishdyamanapi punah punahstshae upavishyati . tatsten svabhavchapalen murkena vanaren kruden sta tikshanam khadagmaday tasya upri praharo vihitah. tato makshika uddiya gata . ten shitadharenasinaa ragyo vaksho  dhivadha jatam , raja mritashc..

" tasmaancicharayurishat nrupen murko anucharo na rakshaniyah"

-- 



A king had a monkey as his body-guard. He was very fond of the king, and as he was very much trusted by the king, he could go into the kings' bed room without being stopped by anyone. 

Once when the king was sleeping the monkey started breezing the king with a fan. While doing this a fly came and sat on the king's chest. The monkey tried to ward off the fly with the fan. But the fly would come again and sit on the same place. 

The monkey due to its foolish nature became angry, got a sharp sword and hit the fly to kill it. The fly flew away but, the king's chest was divided into two, and the king died. 

"A king wishing long life should never keep foolish servants." 






Exercise:




अर्थं लिखतु:


१. राजा            -   King 


२. वानरः          -   Monkey


३. निद्रा            -    Sleap


४. मक्षिका         -    Fly


५. वक्षस्थल        -   Chest






ii  प्रशौत्तर :-




१. राज्ञो सेवकः कः?
   raghyo sevakah kah?
   Who is King's servant
   
   वानरः राज्ञो सेवकः.
   vanarah ragyo sevakah
   Monkey is King's servant




२. यदा राजा निद्राम करिष्यति  तदा वानरः किम कूर्यत ?
    yada raja nidram karishayati tada vanarah kim kuryat
    When the King was sleeping what was the Monkey doing?


    यदा राज्ञः निद्राम करिष्यति  तदा वानरः व्यजनम निहित्व वायुम कूर्यत.
    yada ragyah nidram karishyati tada vanarah vyajanam nihitva vayum kooryat
         When King was sleeping Monkey was breezing with fan.


३. राग्यस्य वक्षस्थोलौप्री कः उपविशति ?
    ragyasya vakshastholoupri (vakshasthala+upri) kah upvishti?
    When the king was sleeping who sat on his chest


    राग्यस्य वक्षस्थोलौप्री मक्षिका उपविशति 
    ragyasya vakshastholoupri (vakshasthala+upri) makshika upvisti.
    A fly sat on king's chest.




४. राग्यस्य मरणं कथं भवत?
    raghysya maranam katam bhavat?
    How did king died?


   यदा मक्षिका पुनः पुनः राग्यस्य वक्शास्थोलौप्री उपविशति तदा मूखः वानरः खदगम आदाय प्रहारं         अकरोत, मक्षिका उड्डिया किन्तु राज्ञः मृतक च 
    yada makshika punah punah raghyasya vakshastholoupri upvishti tada mukha vanarah khadagam aadaya praharam akarot , makshika uddiya kintu raghyah mritak ch
When the fly again again and came and sat on the same place the foolish Monkey took a sword and hit the fly but fly  flew away and king died.




५. अस्मिन  कथायाम विषयं लिक्कातु.
    asmin kathayam vishyam likhatu.
    Write moral of the story.


    यह राजः दीर्ग आयु  इक्ष्ती सह मुर्कः सेवकः न स्थापयति 
    yah rajah dhirg aayu ikshati sah murkah sevakah na stapyati.
    The king wishing long life should not keep a foolish servant.



















































































































    




   
   

learn sanskrit 8

एषा का?

एषा डोला 

दोला कुत्र अस्ति ?

दोला उपवने अस्ति

aesha kaa?

aesha dola

dola kutra asti 

dola upvane asti

Whta is this ?

This is swing

Where is the swing?

Swing is in the Garden

सा का?

सा घटिका 

घटिका किम सूचयति ?

घटिका समयं सूचयति 

saa kaa?

saa ghatika

ghatika kim soochayati

ghatika samayam soochayati.

What is that ?

That is Clock

What is she expressing?

She is expressing Time

ते के ?

ते चालिके स्थः 

ते किम कूरुतः ?

ते वाहनं चालयत 

te ke ?

te chaalike sthah

te kim koorutah?

te vahanam chalayat

Who are they?

They are Drivers

What are they doing?

They are driving vehicles

Exercise

प्रश्नोतारम 

१. दोला कुत्र अस्ति?

   

   Dola  kutra asti

    

  Where is the Swing?

  

  दोलाः उपवने अस्ति

   Dola upvane asti

   Swing  is in the Garden

२. कह समयं सूचयति ?

    

    kah samayam soochati

    Who shows the time?

     

      घटिका समयं सूचयति 

      ghatika samayam soochayati

    

      Clock shows the time

३. चालिके किम कूरुतः ?

   

   chaalake kim koorutah?

    What the drivers are doing?

   चलालिके वाहनं चाल्यत 

    chaalake vahanam chalayat

    Drivers are driving the cars 

learn sanskrit 7

so lets continue now to learn sanskrit ,
Today lets learn a poem in Sanskrit

This is a poem is of lord Krishna

अधरं  मधुरं  वदनं  मधुरं
नयनं  मधुरं  हसितं  मधुरं
हृदयं  मधुरं  गमनं  मधुरं
मधुरादीपते  रखिलं  मधुरं

adharam madhuram vadanam madhuram
nayanam madhuram hasitam madhuram
hridayam madhuram gamanam madhuram
madhur-adipater akhilam madhuram

His lips are sweet, His face is sweet,
His eyes are sweet, His smile is sweet,
His loving heart is sweet, His gait (walk) is sweet,
Everything is completely sweet about the Lord of Sweetness

वचनं  मधुरं  चरितं   मधुरं
वसनं  मधुरं  वलितं  मधुरं चलितं  मधुरं  भ्रमितं  मधुरं
 मधुरादीपते रखिलं  मधुरं 

vachanam madhuram charitam madhuram
vasanam madhuram valitam madhuramchalitam madhuram bhramitam madhuram
madhur-adipater akhilam madhuram

His words are sweet, His character is sweet,
His dress (garment) is sweet, His posture is sweet,
His movements are sweet, His wandering (roaming) is sweet,
Everything is completely sweet about the Lord of Sweetness.

Exercise

|.  प्रश्नोत्तर
  question and answer:

कस्य माधुरिय वर्णितं ?
kasya madhuriya varnitam
Whose sweetness is described?

कृष्णस्य माधुरियं वर्णितं |
krshnasya maduriyam varnitam.
Lord krishna's sweetness is described.

कृष्णः कः ?
krishnah kah
Who is krishna?

कृष्णः मधुरस्य आदिपत्य |
krishna madursya aadipatya.
krishna is lord of sweetness.

||. अर्थं लिखतु
     give the meanings


1.   वचनं                -  Words  
      vachanam

२.   वलितं               -  Posture
      valitham

३    अधरं                - Lips
      adharam

४    हृदयं               - Heart
      hridhayam

५    वसनं               -Dress
      vasanam

learn sanskrit 6

So in the last post you have completed the basic sanskrit . The test paper in the last post will show u that how much u have learnt sanskrit . The questions in last test were given only from the last five posts .
so to answer those questions its neccessary to learn or go through the prvious all posts.



So lets go to next step ahead and start learning a small lesson

एषः कः ?

एषः चषकः 

किं एषः बृहत ?

न एषः लघु 

eshah kah?

eshah chashakah

kim eshah bruhat?

Na aeshah laghu.

what is this ?

This is a glass

Is this the big glass

No, this is small.

सः कः ?

सः सौचिकः 

किं सः खेलति?

न सः वस्त्रं सीयति 

sah kah?

sah sauchikah

kim sah khelati?

na sah vastram seeyati

who is he?

He is a tailor.

is he playing?

No , he is stitching clothes.  

अभ्यासः 

abhyasah

exercise

वर्णसन्जोकं 

varnasnjogam

join the words

example

ल + अ+ घ + उ                     -      लघु 

L+A+GH+U                          -     laghu

1. क + अ+ह्                         -

1. K+a+h

२. व+अ+स+त+र+अ+म       -

     V+A+S+T+R+A+M

३. च+अ+ष+अ+क+ह्             -

     CH+A+SH+A+K+H

४. ख+ए+ल+अ+य+अ+त+इ   -

     KH+AE+L+A+Y+A+T+EE

५. क+इ+म                              - 

     K+EE+M

test sanskrit 1

Lets test how much we have learned sanskrit by a short test                               TIme : 30 mins Marks : 25

संस्कृत अकश्रम लिखतु (व्यजनम)(5)    Write sanskrit letters (vyajanam)

वारीती  हिंदी  अक्षरम  समनस संस्कृतं (5) list out words in hindi same as sanskrit

 आन्ग्ल्यम अर्थम् लिखतु (2) फलं   पुष्पं

write english meaning for phalam ,   pushpam

राजस्य दिन कार्यक्रमम लिखतु (5) write raj's daily routine

 शुभं करोति कल्याणम् आरोग्यं धनसम्पदः। शत्रुबुद्धिविनाशाय दीपज्योतिर्नमोऽस्तु ते॥

 shubam karoti kalyanam aarogyam dhan sampada ,  shtru bhuddi vinashya deepam jyothir namosthute

 एतत स्लोकस्य अर्थम् लिखतु (5) 

write the meaning of above sloka

Frame sentences using the below words (3)
 बालकः
  वृक्ष
  पिबतु

learn sanskrit 5

सरीरम  सुरूपं  तदा   व  कलाथ्रम ,
यासचारू  चित्रं  धनं  मेरु  ठुल्यम ,
मनास्चेन्ना  लग्नं  गुरोरंग्री  पद्मे ,तत  किम  तत किम  तत किम  तत  किम 


                                            




Sareeram suroopam thadha va kalathram,
Yasacharu chithram dhanam meru thulyam,
Manaschenna lagnam Gurorangri padme,Thatha kim Thatha Kim, Thatha kim Thatha Kim


Even if you have a pretty mien, a beautiful wife,
Great fame and mountain like money,
If your mind does not bow at the Teacher's feet,
What is the use? What is the use? And What is the use?



कलाथ्रम  धनं  पुथ्रापोथ्राधि  सर्वं ,

गृहम  बंधवं  सर्वमेथाधि  जथाम ,
मनास्चेन्ना  लग्नं  गुरोरंग्री  पद्मे ,
तत किम  तत किम , तत किम  तत किम

Kalathram Dhanam puthrapothradhi sarvam,
Gruham Bandhavam Sarvamethadhi jatham,
Manaschenna lagnam Gurorangri padme,
Thatha kim Thatha Kim, Thatha kim Thatha kim. 2

Even if you have a wife, wealth, children grand children.
House , relations and are born in a great family,
If your mind does not bow at the Teacher's feet,
What is the use? What is the use? And What is the use?